Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder

Key Points:

• Beyond Resilience: Introduces a new category—antifragile—for things that benefit from shocks, volatility, and stressors.
• Skin in the Game: Argues that systems work better when decision-makers bear the consequences of their choices.
• Via Negativa: The power of removal—what you don’t do matters more than what you do.
• Optionality: How to structure decisions to have unlimited upside with limited downside.
• Lindy Effect: Why things that have survived a long time are likely to survive even longer.
• Iatrogenics: The hidden harm caused by interventions, especially in medicine, economics, and policy.